Bureaucratic theory stresses that organizations are formal, rational systems with well-defined rules and procedures, defined by specialization, hierarchy, well-trained employees, managerial dedication, and the impartiality of management.
Weber’s ideal type of bureaucracy was described in Economy and Society, published in 1921.
Weber believed that bureaucracies are the most efficient way to organize large organizations and was a result of the inevitable rationalization and impersonalization of society.
Summary
- Weber both coined and defined the term bureaucracy and detailed ways that bureaucratic management can treat all members of an organization equally with a clearly-defined division of labor.
- Bureaucracy, as defined by Weber, is an organizational structure characterized by many rules, standardized processes, procedures, and requirements, as well as a clear and meticulous division of labor, clear hierarchies and professional and almost impersonal interactions between employees.
- These bureaucracies have six major components: hierarchy, rules, task specialization, impersonality, career orientation, and formal selection. Each of these features is functional.
- Impersonal relationships, meanwhile, eliminate nepotism, politics, and outsider involvement and emphasize rational over emotional social actions in decision-making.
Weberian Model of Bureaucracy
Max Weber, often described as one of the founders of modern social science, defined bureaucracy as a system of administration characterized by certain features, namely, a hierarchical structure, clear lines of authority and responsibility, strict rules and regulations, impersonality, and an emphasis on efficiency.
He then shows how these features can create an efficient organization.
Weber argues that a bureaucratic organization is one in which tasks are divided into small, manageable units, and each unit is overseen by a specialist who has the necessary skills and knowledge to carry out the task.
This results in an efficient and effective organization, as each unit can focus on its task and work together towards the common goal (Serpa & Ferreira, 2019; Weber, 2016).
Weber’s theory of bureaucracy has been extremely influential, particularly in public administration.
It has shaped how public organizations are structured and operated and has had a significant impact on the way in which sociologists understand and study large organizations – and their effects on the human psyche.
What is a Bureaucratic Organization?
Weber considered the rationalization of society to be inevitable, creating impersonality in social relationships and disenchantment with the world (Pollitt, 2008).
For Weber, bureaucracy is the ultimate affirmation of this impersonality. His definition of a bureaucracy includes several necessary conditions such as “a division of labor”, “hierarchical authority relationship”, “formal rules and regulations,” and “impersonality”.
This results in an efficient and predictable work environment, which is essential for organizations that need to process large amounts of information or coordinate complex activities.
1. Hierarchical structure
Hierarchy creates a clear picture of class within an organization; rules and regulations coordinate employee performance and efforts, and career orientation allows bureaucracies to select candidates primarily based on their competencies, ensuring that people wind up in the jobs most suitable to them (Sager & Rosser, 2009).
Bureaucracies are characterized by a hierarchical structure, which means that there is a clear line of authority from the top of the organization down to the bottom.
This hierarchy ensures that each unit is accountable to a higher authority, which helps to prevent errors and misuse of resources. It also allows for decisions to be made in a timely and efficient manner, as they can be made by those with the necessary knowledge and expertise.
Weber believed that the hierarchical structure should be based on merit so that those who are more capable and qualified are given positions of responsibility.
He also argued that bureaucracy should be staffed by professional workers who have the necessary skills and knowledge to carry out their tasks. This ensures that organizations are able to complete their required tasks as quickly as possible (Serpa & Ferreira, 2019).
2. Formalized rules
Formalized rules and regulations are essential for bureaucracy because they provide a clear framework within which behavior must take place. This helps to ensure that all members of the organization are aware of the expectations and boundaries within which they must work.
This formalization, in increasing the capacity for an organization’s control and direction, enables the extension of the institution’s field of action (Serpa & Ferreira, 2019).
Formalization also helps to prevent errors and misuse of resources, as there can be clear consequences for breaking the rules. Weber believed that rules and regulations should be written down and made public so that everyone is aware of them.
He also argued that they should be applied in a consistent and impartial manner. This ensures that everyone is treated equally and that favoritism does not play a role in decision-making (Serpa & Ferreira, 2019).
2. Managerial dedication
In Weber’s vision of the ideal bureaucracy, managers need to be fully dedicated to their position and the organization.
This means that they need to be willing to work long hours and make sacrifices for the good of the organization. It also means that they need to have a deep understanding of the bureaucracy’s procedures and rules so that they can ensure that everyone is following them correctly.
Weber argued that they should be given a high degree of autonomy so that they can make decisions quickly and efficiently.
This helps to ensure that the bureaucracy is able to respond quickly to situations that would otherwise take a large amount of time to filter through higher management (Serpa & Ferreira, 2019).
3. Specialization
Specialization is an important aspect of bureaucracy because it allows organizations to divide up tasks into small, manageable units.
This allows each unit to focus on its own task and work together towards the common goal. The use of hierarchical authority relationships ensures that each unit is accountable to a higher authority, which helps to prevent errors and misuse of resources.
Weber argued that tasks should be divided according to the worker’s own abilities. This allows for workers to be aware of their own roles and worth in the organization. It also eliminates the need for excessive training, as workers already have the skills and knowledge needed to carry out their tasks.
To go beyond one’s role is a violation of Weberian bureaucracy, as it eliminates transparency and a clear division of labor (Serpa & Ferreira, 2019).
4. Impartiality of management
Weber believed that bureaucracy should be characterized by impersonality. This means that decisions should be made based on objective criteria rather than on personal relationships or preferences.
This ensures that everyone is treated fairly. Additionally, management must follow the established rules and keep private businesses separate from their personal views (Serpa & Ferreira, 2019).
If management is not impartial, it can lead to corruption and nepotism. For example, if a manager were to award a contract to a friend or relative rather than the most qualified bidder, it would not only be unfair, but it would also waste the organization’s resources, such as funding and mentorship.
If management does not follow the rules, it sets a precedent for others to do the same, which can quickly lead to chaos.
5. Well-trained employees
Bureaucracies require well-trained employees because employees need to have the necessary skills and knowledge to carry out their tasks.
They also need to be able to work together as a team in order to achieve a common goal. Training helps to ensure that employees are able to collaborate without losing efficiency due to a lack of common knowledge.
For instance, if a large organization of corporate lawyers does not have common knowledge of the latest tax-codes, they may be slowed down by disagreement, or worse, allow their client to carry out illegal activity.
Weber argued that all employees should be trained in their specific roles and that they should receive ongoing training as new technologies and methods are developed.
This ensures that they are always up-to-date with the latest information and that they can adapt quickly to changes in the organization (Serpa & Ferreira, 2019).
6. Formalized rules
Formalized rules and regulations are essential for bureaucracy because they provide a clear framework within which behavior must take place. This helps to ensure that all members of the organization are aware of the expectations and boundaries within which they must work.
This formalization, in increasing the capacity for an organization’s control and direction, enables the extension of the institution’s field of action (Serpa & Ferreira, 2019).
Formalization also helps to prevent errors and misuse of resources, as there can be clear consequences for breaking the rules. Weber believed that rules and regulations should be written down and made public so that everyone is aware of them.
He also argued that they should be applied in a consistent and impartial manner. This ensures that everyone is treated equally and that favoritism does not play a role in decision-making (Serpa & Ferreira, 2019).
Advantages and Disadvantages of Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy was regarded by Weber as the most efficient sort of company on a technical level. On the upside, it manages, he believed, to “eliminate from official business love, hate, and all the personal, irrational, and emotional elements that escape calculation.” (Weber, 1982).
The idea of bureaucratic efficiency encompasses everything from the rationality and scientificity of an organization to how effectively it functions on a day-to-day basis — its quality of behavior, the extent of its field of action, and effectiveness of operation cost (Serpa & Ferreira, 2019).
On the downside, Weber thought of bureaucracy as a system where individuals lost control over their work and organization. People become “a cogwheel of the machine.” (Cleg, 1990).
People seeking flexibility in the bureaucracy’s rigid rules create exceptions and re-interpretations of them. Ultimately, the rule – and how it can be made more flexible – becomes the end in itself.
Weber argued that bureaucracies can be made even more efficient by decisions based on general criteria; increasing the average competence of officials and managers with training; generous wages that reduce the temptation of corruption; and assessment by public exams that increase impartiality (Serpa & Ferreira, 2019).
Whereas the sociologist Max Weber (2015) used the model of bureaucracy to represent the direction of his changing society, Ritzer sees the fast-food restaurant as being more representative of how contemporary societies are changing.
Examples of Bureaucratic Organizations
Max Weber’s bureaucratic theory has been used to explain and analyze the workings of many different types of organizations. Here are a few examples:
Governments
The hierarchical structure of government bureaucracy ensures that each unit is accountable to a higher authority, the rule of law.
Well-trained employees and managers who are dedicated to their position help to ensure that the government bureaucracy is able to function effectively as they process both local and national matters, ranging from construction permits to court decisions and the printing of currency (Toye, 2006).
Corporate Culture
Large businesses often have a complex structures with many different departments and layers of management. This can make it difficult to communicate and make decisions efficiently.
However, the hierarchical structure of many businesses ensures that each employee has a clearly-defined set of tasks week-by-week and that they are overseen by managers, whose performance is, in turn, overseen by other managers (Toye, 2006).
The Military
The military is a good example of an organization that needs to be able to respond quickly to changes. The hierarchy of the organization allows for those in control to quickly make decisions that benefit the military’s strategic objectives.
The employees of the military, who all generally receive the same basic training, are able to carry out their tasks consistently and with a high degree of precision (Toye, 2006).
References
Clegg, S. (1990). Modern organizations: Organization studies in the postmodern world. Sage.
Ferreira, C. M., & Serpa, S. (2019). Rationalization and bureaucracy: Ideal-type bureaucracy by Max Weber. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 7 (2), 187-195.
Pollitt, C. (2008). Time, policy, management: Governing with the past. oup Oxford.
Sager, F., & Rosser, C. (2009). Weber, Wilson, and Hegel: Theories of modern bureaucracy. Public Administration Review, 69 (6), 1136-1147.
Toye, J. (2006). Modern bureaucracy (No. 2006/52). WIDER Research Paper.
Udy Jr, S. H. (1959). ” Bureaucracy” and” rationality” in Weber’s organization theory: An empirical study. American Sociological Review, 791-795.
Weber, M. (1930). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. New York, NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons
(reprint 1958).
Weber, M. (1936). Social actions.
Weber, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organization. The Free Press, New York, NY.
Weber, M. (1982). Ensaios de sociologia [Sociology essays]. Organisation and introduction by H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills.
Weber, M. (2016). Bureaucracy. In Social Theory Re-Wired (pp. 287-292). Routledge.
Weber, M. (2019). Economy and society : A new translation. Harvard University Press.
