The 5 Love Languages refer to five ways people express and experience emotional affection in relationships.
Understanding these languages can benefit any relationship by ensuring partners effectively communicate care in a way most meaningful to each other.
Originally developed by marriage counselor Dr. Gary Chapman in his 1992 book, the five love languages are:
- Words of Affirmation: communicating affection through spoken and written praise, appreciation, encouragement, and frequent “I love you’s”.
- Quality Time: expressing love by fully focusing attention on your partner through shared activities, conversation, and togetherness.
- Physical Touch: showing care through intimate and affectionate physical contact like hugging, kissing, and sex.
- Acts of Service: doing thoughtful deeds and gestures to help make your partner’s life easier by relieving burdens.
- Receiving Gifts: giving meaningful surprises and symbolic presents to celebrate affection.
“I discovered the five love languages out of my counselling. They would sit in my office and one of them would say I just feel like he doesn’t love me or she doesn’t love me and the other person would say I don’t understand that, I do this and this and this, why would you not feel loved?”
Dr. Gary Chapman on The Five Love Languages
Words of Affirmation
Someone whose love language is words of affirmation prefers love to be expressed through spoken words, praise, or appreciation.
Specific examples include:
- Compliments about their character or accomplishments
- Frequent “I love you”
- Words of praise when they do something well
- Encouraging text messages
- Thoughtful love notes
- Pet names or terms of endearment
People with this love language may feel hurt by excessive criticism or lack of verbal appreciation.
Partners can make them feel cared for by consciously expressing affection through spoken and written words.
Little comments that recognize their efforts like “dinner was delicious, thank you for cooking” go a long way.
They may say ‘I love you,’ ‘I’m proud of you,’ and ‘I appreciate you’ to connect with their partner on a deeper level.
Quality Time
If someone’s love language is quality time, they really appreciate love and affection being expressed through undivided attention from their partner.
Those with this love language feel most loved when their partner is fully engaged, such as:
- Making eye contact when speaking
- Actively listening without distractions
- Partaking in activities together
- Having meaningful conversations
- Sharing thoughts, feelings and desires
They dislike when their partner seems distracted, disinterested or frequently cancels plans.
Partners can fulfill this need by putting away phones, turning off the TV, facing each other, and asking open-ended questions to nurture intimacy through quality conversation. Planning regular date nights is also hugely meaningful.
Dr. Gary Chapman offers the following advice to express love as quality time:
“Quality time for example, an old-fashioned handwritten letter speaks to the person who has quality time as their language because they’re sitting there reading it and they’re thinking, man they took time to write this thing. And then again, they can read it again and again and hold it in their hand. So that really does speak to quality time people.”
Physical Touch
Those whose primary love language is physical touch feel the most love and appreciation through physical affection.
This includes:
- Holding hands
- Hugging
- Kissing
- Cuddling on the couch
- Stroking their arm/face casually in passing
- Sexual intimacy
- Sitting close together
A lack of physical connection causes someone with this love language to feel distant or unloved.
Partners can make them feel secure through small regular touches, such as a squeeze of the hand when out to dinner or an affectionate neck rub when relaxing at home together in the evenings.
Simply put, people who prefer physical touch want to feel emotionally connected to their partner physically, and it may be important for them to feel physically close to their partner every day.
Long-distance couples can also portray quality time and physical touch. Dr. Gary Chapman offers the following examples when a member of a couple is undertaking military service:
Physical touch, you would think that would be impossible half a world away.
Well, one lady said this: “I knew my husband’s love language was physical touch, so when he was deployed, I put my hand on a sheet of paper, I traced my hand, and mailed it to him with a note that said put your hand on my hand, I want to hold your hand.
When he came home, he said to me, every time I put my hand on that paper, I felt her. It’s not literal touch, but it’s emotional touch, and that’s what we’re talking about.”
A man said, “I knew her love language is physical touch so before I left I said to her, I’m gonna leave my jean jacket here, any time you need a hug, you put it on and I’ll hug you.
She said, every time I put it on I felt his arms around me. So there are practical ways that we spell those out in that military edition.”
Acts of Service
If someone’s primary love language is acts of service, they may want love expressed to them through their partner helping them out through helpful deeds.
These can be:
- Doing chores like laundry, dishes, or cleaning without being asked
- Preparing their partner coffee in the morning
- Making their partner’s favorite home-cooked meal after a stressful day
- Volunteering to run errands like grocery shopping when busy
- Helping with tasks at work by proofreading or staying late
- Taking on extra childcare duties to allow partner personal time
- Planning date activities requiring effort like crafting or hiking
Laziness, broken commitments, and making more work for their partner may communicate to their partner that their feelings do not matter.
Noticing when someone’s tired and proactively relieving their workload demonstrates caring better than just talking about helping. Following through reliably also builds trust.
Receiving Gifts
The final love language is receiving gifts. Those with this as their primary love language feel most cared for by receiving gifts and cherish tangible symbols of love. This includes:
- Picking up a drink or treat for no occasion while out during the day
- Buying personalized gifts like a mug with a shared private joke
- Remembering favorite candy and surprising them with it
- Bringing home something that reminded them of their partner
- Making meaningful mix CDs featuring songs representing relationship moments
- Writing heartfelt cards celebrating milestones, achievements, or feelings
Even very small, frequent gestures (as opposed to large expensive presents) show the partner was thinking fondly of them.
Partners can nurture this need through spontaneous, unique gifts that reference inside meaning, not just generic presents on obligatory holidays.
People with this love language treasure not only the gift itself but also the time and effort the gift giver put into getting the gift. Gifts could be physical items or even the gift of the partner themselves, such as going to surprise them when they do not expect it.
Someone with this love language may feel hurt if their partner never brings them meaningful gifts or forgets to give them a gift on special occasions such as birthdays and anniversaries.
What is My Love Language?
The five love languages are different ways that people express and experience love. Understanding your primary love language can enhance communication, deepen emotional connection, and foster a greater sense of intimacy in your relationships.
Ready to discover your love language? Let’s get started!
Words Of Affirmation
- Do you feel loved when someone compliments you or appreciates something you’ve done?
- How do you react when someone frequently says “I love you” or expresses their feelings towards you in words?
- Do verbal expressions of gratitude make you feel valued and respected?
- Do you feel most connected to your partner when they express their feelings for you verbally?
- Does it make you feel special when your partner expresses their love for you with special names or terms of endearment?
- Do you find written notes, letters, or messages expressing love particularly touching?
Quality Time
- Do you feel most connected to your partner when they spend uninterrupted time with you?
- How important is it for you to share experiences, activities, or hobbies with your partner?
- Do you value deep, meaningful conversations with your partner?
- How does it affect you when your partner is physically present but seems mentally distracted?
- Does it hurt you more when your partner cancels plans or doesn’t spend time with you compared to other disappointments?
Physical Touch
- Do you feel more loved when your partner expresses affection through physical touch, such as holding hands or hugging?
- How important is physical intimacy to you in a relationship?
- Do you feel more connected to your partner when they casually touch you, like a hand on your shoulder or a brush of your arm?
- Is your first instinct to physically comfort your partner when they are upset?
- Does a lack of physical touch make you feel distant or unloved?
- Does physical closeness, like sitting next to each other or cuddling, make you feel loved?
Acts Of Service
- Does your partner assisting you with your responsibilities make you feel cared for?
- How important is it for you that your partner steps in to lighten your workload when you’re overwhelmed?
- How do you feel when your partner goes out of their way to do something that makes your day run more smoothly?
- Would you feel more loved if your partner cooked your favorite meal or cleaned up without being asked?
- Does it upset you more when your partner doesn’t follow through with something they said they would do, compared to other disappointments?
- Do you often express love by doing things for others that you know they would appreciate?
Receiving Gifts
- Do you feel loved when you receive a gift that shows your partner was thinking of you?
- How important is it for you to receive tangible symbols of love from your partner?
- Does receiving a gift, regardless of its cost, make you feel appreciated and valued?
- How do you feel when your partner remembers special occasions with a thoughtful gift?
- Does the thought and effort behind a gift matter more to you than the gift itself?
- Does it hurt you more when your partner forgets to get you a gift for a special occasion compared to other oversights?
- Do you feel more loved when your partner surprises you with a small gift for no particular reason?
- Do you still keep and cherish gifts given to you by your partner a long time ago?
Love Languages in Relationships
Chapman concluded that people don’t give and receive love in the same ways and that everyone has a primary love language that speaks to them most deeply.
He found that patterns emerged in what his clients wanted from their partners. Five consistent patterns were found, which then became what he termed the 5 Love Languages.
Essentially, Chapman found that his client’s partners may have been expressing love, but it was not in a meaningful way to their partners. They may instead have been receiving an expression of love that is not connected to their love language.
By finding out people’s love languages and the love language of their partner, Chapman suggests that this can help people ensure that they both truly feel loved.
Chapman explains that falling in love is a ‘temporary emotional high’ and that after the initial emotional obsession has died down, partners must put in the effort to pursue what he terms ‘real love.’
He stated that after time in a relationship, couples might forget how to have meaningful connections with their partners. However, through understanding and practicing their partner’s love language, they can rectify and revive these relationships.
All five love languages are equally important, but people differ on the ones they prefer. Some people may appreciate all five, while others may actively dislike one or more.
Chapman suggested several methods in his 1992 book for discovering people’s love languages. He developed the Five Love Languages Profile, which is an online scale (found here)
Alternatively, individuals can ask themselves some of the following questions:
- ‘What does your partner do or not do that hurts deeply?’
- ‘What have you requested that your partner do more often?’
- ‘How do you regularly express love to your partner?’
- ‘What would your ideal partner be like?’
These types of questions allow people to see what is important to them and to pinpoint the desired ways they wish to receive love.
Although Chapman’s book was written in 1992, it has continued to help couples today.
How Love Languages Help Relationships
Promotes empathy and selflessness
Using and being committed to understanding another’s love language encourages people to learn to focus on their partner’s needs rather than their own.
Selflessness can be promoted through knowing a person’s love language via time, effort, understanding, and emotional openness. This also encourages partners to step outside themselves and look at what makes another person feel significant.
Being able to view things from someone else’s perspective can promote empathy. If people can empathize with their partner, then they are likely to understand another’s love language and why their partners’ may be different from their own.
Creating empathy for another person can also increase emotional intelligence.
Emotionally intelligent people often put others’ needs before their own, as well as being considerate of others’ perspectives, experiences, and emotions.
Creates more meaningful actions
When couples start to understand and use each other’s love languages more often, the thing they do not only become more intentional but also more meaningful.
By focusing on actions that are known to be more valuable to their partner, time is not wasted on actions that their partner does not appreciate as much.
Encourages self-awareness
Becoming more knowledgeable about how their own and their partner’s love language works can promote self-awareness.
People can become more considerate about how they communicate with their partners, understand what they should or should not do, and make a conscious effort to improve their relationships.
Helps with personal growth
Personal growth can stem from someone being focused on something or someone outside of themselves. Being focused on someone else’s love language can force people to grow and change for the better, to the benefit of their relationship.
The five love languages can also encourage people to love others in ways that they may not have considered before or that are outside of their comfort zone.
Stronger relationships
Putting in time and effort and creating meaningful activities with a partner can strengthen relationships. As they learn more about each other, the intimacy levels, security levels, and happiness of couples should be increased.
Chapman used an analogy of ‘emotional love tanks’ to describe the levels of a couple’s relationships. He stated that low or empty love tanks could cause romantic withdrawal or falling out of love, harsh interactions, or inappropriate behaviors.
Couples with full love tanks, who speak in each other’s love languages, can deal with conflict and cope with their differences. Problems can arise when partners do not know their partner’s love languages or how to use them, so the love tank can empty over time.
However, understanding and learning to use each other’s love languages are necessary for filling the love tank and strengthening relationships.
Are The Love Languages Valid?
Chapman states that the five love languages are a universal construct that can be found in various countries.
Karandashev (2015) argues that love is indeed universal, but it can manifest differently according to different cultures.
For instance, physical touch, such as hugging, can express love in some cultures, but in others, it can be seen as a sexual expression.
Chapman’s theory was based on his own experiences as a counselor and lacked scientific rigor, especially as there is not much research on the five love languages.
One study by Egbert and Polk (2006) tested this validity on students. The results showed that the common love languages expressed by the students matched those of Chapman’s theory; this study is the first empirical support of the theory.
Likewise, Surijah and Septiarly (2016) aimed to validate the love languages theory. The five love languages scale seemed to show a promising reliability score, and there were found to be 17 items on the scale which were valid.
One study on love languages found that if someone perceived that their partner was using their preferred love language well, they had increased feelings of love and relationship satisfaction. This was the case for heterosexual and homosexual couples (Hughes & Camden, 2020).
The same researchers also found that women who perceived their partners were using their preferred love language well reported greater feelings of love compared to men’s perceptions.
This suggests that love languages may be more effective in improving romantic relationships from a woman’s perspective.
Some issues with the theory are that some people may misuse their love languages, becoming competitive with their partners. Some may keep track of how many actions they have completed for their partner’s love language compared to how many their partner has done, which can put more of a strain on the relationship.
This can also pressure couples if some want their partners to express their love language consistently. Love languages should also not be seen as the main cure for a deteriorating relationship.
This theory may not be able to fix other relationship problems that may exist, and some couples may need further relationship guidance from professionals. For instance, if a relationship is toxic, abusive, or includes gaslighting behaviors, using love languages on their own may not fix the issues.
Love languages should thus be seen as one tool of many to aid communication.
The original model of the love languages written in the 1990s was focused on heterosexual married couples, Chapman often using ‘husbands’ and ‘wives’ when describing the partners.
This can be frustrating for those in homosexual relationships who wish to learn about the theory but may feel excluded.
However, the tools can be used by anyone if they are willing to overlook the heteronormative nature of the theory, as Hughes and Camden (2020) in their research found that homosexual couples benefitted from the love languages as much as heterosexual couples.
Lastly, the original works often described situations and gave advice that adhered to outdated gender stereotypes.
In a 1995 article by Chapman, some quotes included: ‘Isn’t it sweet when every day your wife has the breakfast table set with scrumptious food so you can get a good meal before you go to work…’, and ‘How about sending him food for lunch, or buying her new pots for her kitchen?’.
These gender stereotypes can make it frustrating for women to read, and they may dismiss the theory altogether. It may be that updating the love languages and using more inclusive language would make the theory feel more applicable to the general population.
Taking the outdated views out of consideration, the updated love language rating scales do not appear to be gender specific and can be applicable to anyone in any type of relationship.
Applying Love Languages for Relationship Success
While understanding the foundation of the five love languages provides useful conceptual knowledge, putting insights into action sustains relationships.
Single daters can identify their own primary love language and then evaluate potential partners based on compatible expression styles early on.
An acts of service person unlikely pairs well with a physically-focused lover lacking helping behaviors.
Long-term couples—no matter how familiar—benefit from rediscovering each individual’s potentially evolved love languages over years together.
Have open dialogues regularly exploring what currently makes each person feel connected beyond surface assumptions.
Regardless of status, conscious application nurtures bonds by caring more for what the other desires rather than what feels natural to give.
Speaking each other’s language—with loving action, not just loving words—makes relationships continually feel fulfilling despite life’s inevitable changes.
In practice, consider weaving weekly rituals nurturing all love languages into relating habits. For example, the words of affirmation partner sends a loving text each morning, the physical touch individual hugs upon reuniting each evening.
Staying fluent in love languages requires ongoing engagement, not a one-time quiz. Maintain intimacy through flexibility, meeting evolving emotional needs over the long-term.
In summary, this framework primarily provides a vocabulary, not a quick fix—simply applying labels without adapting expressions toward a partner’s needs breeds more isolation over time.
But invested partners willing to learn how each other’s dialects of desire change across the chapters of life often reach relationship success by loving well, not just fluently.
Frequently asked questions
Does my love language need to be the same as my partner’s to have a strong relationship?
It can be easier if your and your partner’s love language align since you are more likely to be aware of what your partner appreciates if it is similar to what you appreciate.
Despite this, having different love languages does not have to be an issue. As long as the preferred love language is communicated and each person has a good idea of how to show love to their partner, then it is as simple as that.
Issues may only arise if a partner refuses to show their partner’s preferred love language or is not willing to compromise. This can make their partner feel unloved and can break down a relationship over time.
Can love languages be used in other relationships?
Although the original theory discussed the use of love languages between romantic partners, it is possible to use love languages in other relationships: with friends, family members, and co-workers.
For example, if you know that your friend’s love language is words of affirmation, you can ensure you use this with them. You could say tell them ‘I’m so proud of you’, ‘I love spending time with you’, or ‘You’re such a good friend’.
You can even express love languages to yourself. For instance, if your primary love language is receiving gifts, you could treat yourself to something you have wanted for a while or have a day at the spa.
Overall, there are endless ways in which love languages can be expressed to all the people in your life.
Can someone have multiple preferred love languages?
It is very common for people to have a preference for more than one type of love language.
The types may even complement each other. For example, if someone’s love languages are quality time and physical touch, these may be easily accommodated together, for instance, by putting an arm around a partner while watching a movie.
It is also possible for our preferred love language to change over time. This is because our needs and wants constantly change, so the way we receive and show love can also change.
How is the triangular theory of love different from love languages?
The triangular theory provides a structural model of love’s components, while love languages focus on the methods of expressing and experiencing love.
The triangular theory’s structure gives a holistic view of love, allowing for the assessment of the depth and type of love someone might feel. It recognizes that love isn’t one-dimensional. For instance, a long-term couple might have strong intimacy and commitment, representing a deep emotional bond and dedication but might have reduced passion over time. Conversely, a new relationship might be characterized by intense passion but lacks the depth of intimacy or the long-term commitment, indicative of infatuation.
The concept of love languages offers a practical approach to understanding and improving interpersonal relationships. Knowing one’s own love language and that of their partner can significantly enhance the quality of the relationship.
References
Chapman, G. (1995). The five languages of love. Chicago: Northfield.
Chapman, G. D. (2015). The five love languages: The secret to love that lasts. Northfield Publishing.
Egbert, N., & Polk, D. (2006). Speaking the language of relational maintenance: A validity test of Chapman’s Five Love Languages. Communication Research Reports, 23(1), 19-26.
Hughes, J. L., & Camden, A. A. (2020). Using Chapman’s Five Love Languages Theory to Predict Love and Relationship Satisfaction. Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research, 25.
Karandashev, V. (2015). A cultural perspective on romantic love. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 5(4), 2.
Surijah, E. A., & Septiarly, Y. L. (2016). Construct validation of five love languages. Anima Indonesian Psychological Journal, 31(2), 65-76.
What’s Your Love Language? https://www.5lovelanguages.com/quizzes/love-language/
